Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)

An Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) is an abnormal tangle of blood vessels connecting arteries and veins in the brain or spinal cord. This bypasses the normal capillary network and causes high-pressure blood flow, which can lead to bleeding (hemorrhage), seizures, or neurological deficits.

AVMs are usually congenital (present at birth) but may not cause symptoms until later in life. The risk of bleeding depends on the size, location, and structure of the malformation.

Common Symptoms of Brain AVM

• Sudden, severe headache
• Seizures
• Weakness or numbness in one part of the body
• Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
• Vision problems
• Loss of coordination or balance

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of AVMs is not fully understood. Most are thought to develop during embryonic development when the blood vessels form abnormally. Although rare, AVMs can sometimes run in families or occur as part of certain genetic syndromes.

Diagnosis

Accurate diagnosis of an AVM is essential for planning treatment. The following imaging techniques are commonly used:

• CT Scan / CT Angiography (CTA): Helps detect bleeding and visualize the AVM structure.
• MRI / MRA: Provides detailed imaging of brain tissue and surrounding vessels.
• Cerebral Angiography (DSA): Gold standard for defining AVM anatomy and assessing treatment options.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the AVM’s size, location, and risk of rupture. The main goal is to prevent bleeding and reduce neurological complications.

• Microsurgical Resection: Complete surgical removal of the AVM using microsurgical techniques to ensure normal blood flow restoration.
• Endovascular Embolization: A minimally invasive method using catheters to inject materials that block the abnormal vessels before surgery or radiosurgery.
• Stereotactic Radiosurgery (Gamma Knife): Focused radiation that gradually closes off the AVM over time—ideal for small, deep-seated AVMs.
• Multimodal Approach: Combination of surgery, embolization, and radiosurgery for complex AVMs.

Expert AVM Management in Ahmedabad

At HCG Aastha Cancer Centre, Ahmedabad, Dr. Chirag Panchal, Consultant Neurosurgeon, provides comprehensive diagnosis and treatment for brain and spinal AVMs. With state-of-the-art microsurgical, endovascular, and radiosurgical facilities, patients receive safe and precise treatment tailored to their condition.

When to Seek Immediate Medical Attention

• Sudden, severe headache or vomiting
• Seizure or loss of consciousness
• Weakness or numbness on one side of the body
• Vision loss or speech difficulty

Early diagnosis and treatment of AVMs can prevent life-threatening complications and help preserve brain function and quality of life.